Step 1 – Identify Connected Loads List all appliances you want to run during a power outage. Lights: 4 × 20 W = 80 W Fans: 3 × 70 W = 210 W TV: 1 × 120 W = 120 W Router/Computer: 1 × 150 W = 150 W Total Load = 560 W 🔧 Step 2 – Convert to VA Rating Inverters are rated in Volt-Amperes (VA) . I n v e r t e r R a t i n g ( V A ) = T o t a l L o a d ( W ) P o w e r F a c t o r Assume PF = 0.8. 560 ÷ 0.8 = 700 V A → Select an inverter rated ≥ 800 VA for safety margin. 🔋 Step 3 – Battery Capacity Selection Battery capacity defines backup time. B a t t e r y C a p a c i t y ( A h ) = L o a d ( W ) × B a c k u p T i m e ( h r s ) B a t t e r y V o l t a g e × E f f i c i e n c y Example: 560 × 3 ÷ ( 12 × 0.85 ) ≈ 165 A h → A 12 V, 180 Ah battery provides ~3 hours backup. 🏗️ Step 4 – System Configuration Single Battery System: For small homes (≤ 800 VA). Double Battery System: For larger loads...
Chlorine in RO Systems
Purpose: Used in pre-treatment to disinfect feed water.
Function: Kills bacteria, algae, and oxidizes organic contaminants.
Limitation: RO membranes (polyamide type) are highly sensitive to chlorine; prolonged exposure causes oxidative degradation and reduces salt rejection.
Phase: Applied before filtration.
🧪 SMBS (Sodium Metabisulfite) in RO Systems
Purpose: Acts as a dechlorination agent before water enters RO membranes.
Function: Neutralizes residual chlorine, preventing oxidation damage.
Reaction:
Phase: Applied after chlorination and filtration, just before RO membranes.
🔄 Operational Sequence
Raw water chlorination → microbial control.
Filtration (sand/carbon filters) → removes solids and some chlorine.
SMBS dosing → neutralizes remaining chlorine.
RO membrane feed → chlorine-free water for safe operation.
📊 Comparison Table
| Parameter | Chlorine | SMBS |
|---|---|---|
| Purpose | Disinfection | Dichlorination |
| Phase Used | Pre-treatment | Before RO membranes |
| Effect on Membrane | Damaging (oxidation) | Protective |
| Chemical Nature | Oxidizing agent | Reducing agent |
| Dosage Control | 1–2 ppm | 2–3 ppm (stoichiometric excess) |
| Monitoring | Residual chlorine test | ORP/DPD test for zero chlorine |
Chlorine ensures microbial control upstream.
SMBS ensures membrane protection downstream. Together, they form a balanced chemical strategy for RO system reliability and water quality.
Full Image Reference: Here is the detailed schematic comparing Chlorine vs SMBS in RO Systems:
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