CHLORINATION DOSE | Safe Disinfection for Clean & Healthy Water Chlorination is one of the most widely used methods for disinfecting water. It helps control harmful microorganisms and maintain an adequate chlorine residual throughout the water distribution system. 🔹 Key Parameters • Typical chlorine dose: 0.5–2.0 mg/L as Cl₂ • Contact time: ≥ 30 minutes • Free chlorine residual: 0.2–0.5 mg/L • Effective pH range: 6.5–8.0 • Actual dose should be based on chlorine demand + required residual 🧮 Practical Chlorine Dosing Formula D = (C × Q) / 1,000 Where: D = Chlorine required (kg/day) C = Chlorine dose (mg/L) Q = Water flow (m³/day) 📌 Example For: C = 1 mg/L Q = 10,000 m³/day D = (1 × 10,000) / 1,000 D = 10 kg/day of available chlorine ⚠️ Important: This is the theoretical chlorine requirement. In actual water treatment, the applied dose may need to be higher because chlorine is consumed by organic matter, ammonia, iron, manganese, and other substances. 🧪 Chlorine Demand ...
Clean Room HVAC System – Detailed Description A Clean Room HVAC System is a specially designed heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system used to maintain a highly controlled indoor environment where temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, airflow, air changes, and airborne particle levels must remain within defined limits. Unlike conventional HVAC systems, a cleanroom HVAC system is designed not only to provide thermal comfort but also to control contamination and maintain the required cleanliness classification. The system continuously supplies filtered and conditioned air while removing contaminated or particle-laden air from the room. 1. Air Handling and Conditioning The process starts with the Air Handling Unit (AHU) , where outside air and/or return air are introduced into the system. The air passes through a series of filtration stages designed to progressively remove dust, particles, microorganisms, and other contaminants. Depending on the application, the AH...