Understanding the fundamental formulas of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics is essential for mastering core engineering principles. Here’s a quick, simplified breakdown 👇 ⚙️ Thermodynamics Formulas: 1️⃣ First Law of Thermodynamics: 👉 Formula: Q = ΔU + W ✅ This law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed — it only changes form. The heat supplied to a system (Q) is used for increasing internal energy (ΔU) and performing work (W). 👉 Handbook of Power system analysis and design 👉 Download Handbook: https://lnkd.in/gMhpM4M4 2️⃣ Carnot Efficiency: 👉 Formula: η = 1 - (T_L / T_H) ✅ It represents the maximum efficiency of a heat engine operating between two temperature limits. Higher the temperature difference, higher the efficiency. 3️⃣ Polytropic Process Work: 👉 Formula: W = (P₂V₂ - P₁V₁) / (1 - n) ✅ Used to calculate work done when both pressure and volume change in a controlled process (like in compressors). 👉 Handbook of Mechanical Engineering Design 👉 Download Ha...
Thumb Rules for MEP (Mechanical, Electrical & Plumbing) Costs across major project types. These rules are widely used during feasibility studies, budgeting, and early-stage planning when detailed design is not yet available. 📊 Thumb Rules for MEP Costs (as % of Total Construction Cost) Project Type Typical MEP Cost (% of Construction Cost) Key Drivers of Cost Residential (Affordable / Standard) 12% – 18% Basic HVAC, plumbing, electrical Residential (Luxury / High-rise) 18% – 25% Advanced HVAC, automation, fire safety Commercial / Office Buildings 20% – 30% HVAC zoning, elevators, IT cabling Hotels (3★ / 4★ / 5★) 30% – 45% HVAC, hot water systems, controls, back-of-house Hospitals / Healthcare 35% – 50% Medical gases, redundancy, HVAC, power quality Educational Buildings 15% – 25% Labs, HVAC, IT infrastructure 🔑 Key Considerations Complexity of Systems : Hospitals and hotels demand higher MEP costs due to specialized systems (medical gases, hot water, advanced HVAC). Building Hei...