HVAC Condensate Calculation — AHU Using Psychometrics We will calculate the condensate generated by an Air Handling Unit (AHU) using the psychrometric moisture-balance method, as commonly applied in HVAC energy management and CEM studies. 1. Given data Parameter Value Airflow rate 10,000 m³/h Entering air temperature 35°C Entering relative humidity 60% Leaving air temperature 13°C Leaving relative humidity 90% Operating duration 24 hours/day Atmospheric pressure 101.325 kPa (assumed) Assumption: the airflow is the actual volumetric flow at the entering-air condition, and the AHU removes moisture as the air passes over the cooling coil. 2. Calculate the humidity ratio The humidity ratio \(W\) is the mass of water vapour per kilogram of dry air. \[ W=0.621945\frac{P_v}{P-P_v} \] Where: \(P_v\) = partial pre...
🔥 Deluge System vs. Automatic Sprinkler System — Complete Fire Protection Engineering Guide For MEP Engineers, Facility Managers, Fire Safety Engineers, and Maintenance Teams, understanding the difference between deluge and automatic sprinkler systems is essential for fire protection design, commissioning, inspection, and emergency response. The main difference is how water is released and how many outlets discharge during a fire. Deluge system A releasing system opens the deluge valve, allowing water to discharge through all open nozzles in the protected zone. Automatic sprinkler system Each sprinkler normally operates individually when its heat-sensitive element reaches its activation temperature. 1. How the two systems operate A. Deluge system — operation sequence Fire detection: A releasing system detects the specified fire condition, commonly through heat, flame, or another approved detection arrangement. Deluge valve opens: The releasing panel or approved release mechanism ...