Understanding the fundamental formulas of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics is essential for mastering core engineering principles. Here’s a quick, simplified breakdown 👇 ⚙️ Thermodynamics Formulas: 1️⃣ First Law of Thermodynamics: 👉 Formula: Q = ΔU + W ✅ This law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed — it only changes form. The heat supplied to a system (Q) is used for increasing internal energy (ΔU) and performing work (W). 👉 Handbook of Power system analysis and design 👉 Download Handbook: https://lnkd.in/gMhpM4M4 2️⃣ Carnot Efficiency: 👉 Formula: η = 1 - (T_L / T_H) ✅ It represents the maximum efficiency of a heat engine operating between two temperature limits. Higher the temperature difference, higher the efficiency. 3️⃣ Polytropic Process Work: 👉 Formula: W = (P₂V₂ - P₁V₁) / (1 - n) ✅ Used to calculate work done when both pressure and volume change in a controlled process (like in compressors). 👉 Handbook of Mechanical Engineering Design 👉 Download Ha...
Thumb Rules for MEP (Mechanical, Electrical & Plumbing) Costs across major project types. These rules are widely used during feasibility studies, budgeting, and early-stage planning when detailed design is not yet available.
📊 Thumb Rules for MEP Costs (as % of Total Construction Cost)
| Project Type | Typical MEP Cost (% of Construction Cost) | Key Drivers of Cost |
|---|---|---|
| Residential (Affordable / Standard) | 12% – 18% | Basic HVAC, plumbing, electrical |
| Residential (Luxury / High-rise) | 18% – 25% | Advanced HVAC, automation, fire safety |
| Commercial / Office Buildings | 20% – 30% | HVAC zoning, elevators, IT cabling |
| Hotels (3★ / 4★ / 5★) | 30% – 45% | HVAC, hot water systems, controls, back-of-house |
| Hospitals / Healthcare | 35% – 50% | Medical gases, redundancy, HVAC, power quality |
| Educational Buildings | 15% – 25% | Labs, HVAC, IT infrastructure |
🔑 Key Considerations
Complexity of Systems: Hospitals and hotels demand higher MEP costs due to specialized systems (medical gases, hot water, advanced HVAC).
Building Height & Luxury Level: High-rise and luxury residences require more sophisticated MEP installations.
Redundancy & Reliability: Healthcare facilities often need backup systems, driving costs up.
Energy Efficiency & Automation: Smart buildings and green certifications increase upfront MEP investment but reduce lifecycle costs.
📌 Practical Application
Use these thumb rules for early-stage budgeting and client discussions.
Always refine estimates with detailed design and BOQ (Bill of Quantities) for accuracy.
Consider regional variations in labor, material, and regulatory requirements.
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