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Essential Electrical Notes Every Electrical Engineer Should Save

Gul Bahar Shah
  Essential Electrical Notes Every Electrical Engineer Should Save Correct sizing of protection devices and power components is one of the most important aspects of electrical system design. Oversizing increases cost, while under sizing can lead to overheating, nuisance tripping, equipment failure, and serious safety risks. This quick reference covers the basic sizing guidelines for capacitor bank components. 📌 Key Design Formulas 1. Capacitor Current (3-Phase) I = (kVAR × 1000) / (√3 × Voltage) This is the foundation for selecting all downstream components. 2. HRC Fuse Selection • Fuse Rating ≈ 1.6 × Capacitor Current ‣ Handles capacitor inrush current ‣ Protects against short circuits ‣ Use HRC fuses with high breaking capacity 3. MCCB Selection • MCCB Rating ≈ 1.25 × Capacitor Current ‣ Provides overload and short-circuit protection ‣ Choose suitable breaking capacity (Icu/Ics) ‣ Coordinate with upstream protection devices 4. Capacitor Duty Contactor Unlike standard contactors,...
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Sewage Treatment Plant

Gul Bahar Shah

Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) – Complete Process & Working A Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) is designed to treat wastewater from residential, commercial, and industrial sources, making it safe for reuse or environmental discharge. 🔹 1. Preliminary Treatment ✅ Screen Chamber Removes large solids such as plastics, rags, and debris to protect downstream equipment. ✅ Grit Chamber Removes sand, grit, and heavy inorganic particles to prevent wear and clogging. 🔹 2. Primary Treatment ✅ Equalization Tank Balances flow and load variations while preventing odor and settling through mixing. ✅ Primary Clarifier Allows suspended solids to settle as sludge, while oils and grease are removed from the surface. 🔹 3. Secondary Treatment (Biological Process) ✅ Aeration Tank Air is supplied through blowers to support microbial growth, which breaks down organic matter (BOD & COD). ✅ Secondary Clarifier Biomass settles, and clear water flows out. Return Activated Sludge (RAS) is recycled Excess sludge (WAS) is removed 🔹 4. Tertiary Treatment ✅ Pressure Sand Filter (PSF) Removes fine suspended particles. ✅ Activated Carbon Filter (ACF) Removes color, odor, and dissolved organic compounds. ✅ Disinfection (UV/Chlorination) Eliminates bacteria and harmful pathogens. 🔹 5. Treated Water Output The treated water can be reused for irrigation, flushing, and cooling, or safely discharged into the environment. 🔹 6. Sludge Treatment Line ✅ Sludge Thickener Increases sludge concentration. ✅ Sludge Digester Stabilizes sludge through anaerobic digestion and may produce biogas. ✅ Dewatering (Filter Press) Removes excess water from sludge. ✅ Dry Sludge Used as fertilizer or disposed of safely as per regulations. 🔹 Key Operating Parameters pH: 6.5 – 8.5 BOD Removal: 90–95% COD Removal: 85–90% DO (Aeration Tank): 2–4 mg/L MLSS: 2000–4000 mg/L 🔹 Applications 🏢 Residential Communities 🏨 Hotels & Resorts 🏭 Industrial Facilities 🏥 Hospitals 🏙️ Commercial Complexes 🌱 Benefits ✔ Protects the environment ✔ Reduces water pollution ✔ Enables water reuse ✔ Ensures regulatory compliance ✔ Supports sustainable development

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